A Thousand and One Nights

The legendary Persian Queen Scheherazade telling her ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS stories to King Shahryar

Every day, King Shahryar married a new virgin , and every day he
would send yesterday's wife to be beheaded. This was done in
anger , having found out that his first wife had betrayed him. He
had killed three thousand such women by the time he was introduced to
Scheherazade, the vizier's * daughter .

Against her father's protestations, Scheherazade volunteered to spend one night with the King. Once in the king's chambers, Scheherazade began to tell the king a story.

During the long night, the king lay awake and listened in awe as Scheherazade told her first story. Scheherazade stopped in the middle of the story. The King asked her to finish, but she said there was not enough time, as dawn was breaking. So the king spared her life for one day to finish the story. The next night, Scheherazade finished the story, and then began a second one, even more exciting, again stopping halfway through, at dawn. Again the king spared her life for one day to finish the second story.

And so the king kept Scheherazade alive day by day as he eagerly anticipated her finishing the previous night's story. At the end of one thousand and one nights, and one thousand stories, Scheherazade told the king that she had no more tales to tell him. During these one thousand and one nights, the king had fallen in love with Scheherazade and had had three sons with her. So, having been made a wiser and kinder man by Scheherazade and her tales, he spared her life and made her his queen.
*vizier = high officer or minister of state in various Muslim countries
VOCABULARY

Read the story. Look at the sentences, and try to define these words from the context.

1. virgin (noun) E v e r y d a y, King S h a h r y a r married a n e w v i r g i n ,
a. an airline company
b. a person who has never had sex
c. a stewardess

2. beheaded (verb)
E v e r y d a y h e w o u l d s e n d y e s t e r d a y ' s w i f e t o b e b e h e a d e d .
a. got a hair cut
b. behaved badly
c. had her head cut off

3. betrayed (verb)
H i s f i r s t w i f e had betrayed h i m.
a. cheated on him
b. cooked for him
c. married him

4. protestations (noun)
Against her father's protestations, Scheherazade volunteered to spend one night with the King.
a. praises
b. objections
c. help

5. volunteered (verb)
a. worked without pay
b. worked with pay
c. studied at school

6. chambers
Once in the king's chambers, Scheherazade began to tell the king a story.
a. kitchen
b. bedroom
c. living room


7. in awe (in = preposition awe = noun object of the preposition)
The king listened in awe as Scheherazade told her first story.
a. sitting on the bed
b. happily living’
c. a mixed feeling of fear and wonder
8. dawn (adverbial noun)
She said there was not enough time, as dawn was breaking.
a. morning
b. evening
c. night

9. spared her life
So the king spared her life for one day.
a. didn’t kill her
b. changed her
c. talked to her

10. alive (adj.)
So the king kept Scheherazade alive day by day
a. awake
b. asleep
c. living

11. eagerly (adverb)
He eagerly anticipated her finishing the previous night's story.
a. really interested
b. very helpful
c. sadly

12.anticipated (verb)
a.thought ahead
b. stopped
c. continued

13. tales (noun)
She had no more tales to tell him.
a. pictures
b. stories
c. writings




GRAMMAR
1. Please circle all the past tense verbs (21) in the story (one is past progressive)
2. What are the subjects and the infinitives?




3. There are four past perfect verbs in the story. (HAD + past participle of a verb)

What did his wife do to him?
a.

By the time he was introduced to Scheherazade, what had he done to his wives?
b.

As she was telling him these tales, what happened to the king?
c.

Over all these 1001 nights, she not only told him all those stories, what happened to Scheherazade?
d.

Please tell me about two things that happened n the past -- one before the other. The first thing will use the PAST PERFECT TENSE.

YOUR TURN
e. _________________________________________________________



4. PASSIVE voice is NOT A VERB TENSE

It is used when the subject becomes the object. S V O
For example: regular order of sentences is S V O Sally threw the ball.
PASSIVE voice: verb (to be) + past participle
S V
S V O The ball was thrown (by Sally).
a. A man robbed the woman.

S V
aa. The woman was robbed on the bus (by a man). PASSIVE voice

S V O
b. Most of the students have done all their homework.

S V
bb. All the homework was done by most of the students. PASSIVE voice


b. What are the PASSIVE VOICES USED IN THIS STORY? Talk to your partner and see if you can identify them. (4) Write the sentences from the story.




Look for the verb (be) + a past participle Subject Verb and NO object.

1.

2.

3.

4.
YOUR TURN
Please write a pair of sentences, the first with a Subject, Verb, and an Object.
Then write the same sentence in the PASSIVE voice using the verb to be + past participle with only a Subject and that verb.



COMPREHENSION AND CONVERSATION
Please talk to your partner and then write complete sentences to answer these questions.

1. Why did King Shahryar behead all his wives?


2. What did Sheherazade volunteer to do?




3. Why did the king spare Sheherazade’s life?




4. How did Sheherazade save her own life?




5. What’s your opinion about what Sheherezade did?
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

The Farmer, the Son, and the Donkey

A farmer and his son were walking their donkey to market, where they were going to sell him. They had not gone far when they met a bunch of giggling girls.
“Look there!” cried one of them. “Aren’t they a foolish pair to be trudging along on foot when one of them could be riding?”
When the farmer heard this, he told his son to get up on the donkey. They then went along happily until they came to a group of men talking by the side of the road.
“My, my!” said one of the men. “Just look at that young fellow riding in comfort while his poor old father has to walk.”
“Get off that donkey, you lazy boy!” shouted another, “and let your father ride.”
Right away, the son slid off the donkey, and the farmer took his place. Before they had gone far, they passed a group of housewives.
“Why, you heartless old fellow!” cried several of the women at once. “How can you ride when your poor tired child can hardly keep up with you? What mean fathers there are nowadays!”
So the good-natured farmer pulled his son up behind him, and they both rode along on the donkey’s back. When they reached the town, a villager pointed at them. “Tell me,” he asked the farmer, “is that donkey yours?”
“Yes,” replied the farmer.
“I would never have thought so,” said the villager, “from the way you load him down. You should be ashamed of yourself! The two of you are better able to carry that poor beast than he is to carry you.”
“You are right!” agreed the farmer. Then he and his son got down from the donkey’s back.
How could they possibly carry the donkey? The farmer puzzled over this for a long time. Then at last an idea came to him. Cutting a think branch from a nearby tree, he trimmed it into a stout pole. With some difficulty, he and his son tied the donkey’s feet to the pole and lifted both the pole and the donkey to their shoulders.
By the time they reached the town bridge, a whole crowd of people had gathered to hoot and laugh at the funny-looking sight. The donkey, frightened by the racket, took it into his head to kick at the ropes. All of a sudden, he pulled loose from the pole and tumbled off the bridge into the water. Since he was unable to swim, he soon drowned.
The farmer and his son hung their heads in shame and started back home.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
The moral of this story is this:
If you try to please everyone, you may end up pleasing no one at all.

VOCABULARY
Look at these words from the story and choose the meaning from a, b, or c.
1. giggling (adj.) “a bunch of giggling girls”
a. sewing
b. laughing
c. dancing

2. foolish (adj.) “Aren’t they a foolish pair?
a. stupid
b. smart
c. determined

3. trudging (verb) “They were trudging along on foot.”
a. tripping
b. running
c. walking in a heavy-footed laborious way

4. fellow (noun) “That young fellow was riding in comfort.”
a. a young man
b. a young woman
c. to be behind someone

5. slid off (verb) “The son slid off the donkey.”
a. took the lid off
b. bell down from
c. felt shy

6. heartless (adj.) “He’s a heartless man.”
a. having a bad heart
b. in love
c. lacking kindness

7. cried (verb) “Several women cried at once.”
a. felt very sad
b. shouted
c. talked softly

8. at once (adverbial “noun”)
a. by themselves
b. at the same time
c. for the first time


9. hardly (adverb) “The child can hardly keep up with you.”
a. barely; with difficulty
b. very difficult
c. certainly

10. mean (adj.) “What mean fathers there are nowadays!”
a. bad-tempered, nasty, unsympathetic, hard-hearted
b. definite
c. for men only

11. nowadays (adverbial “noun”)
a. in your free time
b. a long time ago
c. during the present time

12. good-natured (adj.) “The good-natured farmer pulled his son up behind him.”
a. healthy
b. easy-going and cheerful
c. vegetarian

*13. poor (adj.) “That poor beast is carrying too heavy a load.
a. used when you feel sorry for someone
b. having llittle money
c. dirty

POOR in idioms: “You poor thing!”
“Poor you!”
“Poor guy/girl”

14. beast (noun)
a. a monster or dragon
b. any four-footed animal used for labor, food or sport
c. a bird

15. trimmed (verb) “He trimmed the tree into a stout pole.”
a. tripped over some wood
b. cooked with wood, like a barbeque
c. to make neat by clipping or to cut the excess

16. stout (adj.)
a. short
b. fat
c. tall

17. hoot (verb) “The whole crowd of people gathered to hoot and laugh at the
funny-looking sight.”
a. to shout, especially in a negative way
b. to ask who
c. to vote

18. funny-looking (adj.)
a. a joke
b. handsome
c. strange or odd; not good-looking

19. racket (noun) “He was frightened by the racket.”
a. lots of noise
b. something used to play tennis with
c. a rocket ship

20. pulled loose (verb) “He pulled loose from the pole.”
a. got free
b. got tied up
c. got lost

21. to please (verb)
a. to give enjoyment or pleasure; to satisfy
b. to place something down
c. to call the police

GRAMMAR
PAST TENSE VERBS
1.Please circle all the past tense verbs in the story.
2. How many past tense verbs did you circle? __________________
3. Choose 5 of those past tense verbs and write your own sentences
YOUR TURN
a_______________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________

c._________________________________________________________________

d._________________________________________________________________

e. _________________________________________________________________





B. There are 3 PAST PERFECT VERBS in the story. HAD + past participle
Please write these here:

a.___________________ b.___________________ c. ___________________

PAST PERFECT TENSE is used when two past tenses are in the same sentence, one thing happened before the other. For that first happening, use the PAST PERFECT.
For example:
I had already eaten dinner when my husband came home from work.
By the time my husband came home, I had already eaten dinner.

Which happened first? Your dinner or your husband’s coming home?

Because I had already graduated from college, I got a good job.

Which happened first? Your graduation or your getting a good job?

They had not gone far when they met a bunch of giggling girls.

Which happened first? Their going far or their meeting the girls?

Please try writing a sentence using past perfect tense. You may use ALREADY or
BY THE TIME to help you with the idea of something happening FIRST.
YOUR TURN: _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

C. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS “Is that donkey YOURS?”

Possessive pronouns are possessives used WITHOUT NOUNS.

MINE YOURS HIS HERS OURS YOURS THEIRS

(as opposed to possessive adjectives which are used with nouns.)
My book/books Your book/books His book/books Her book/books
Our apartment Your car/cars Their child/children

Please write a pair of sentences to show me you understand the difference:
For example:

a. I love my new car, and she loves her car.
aa. I love MINE, and she loves HERS.

b. We drove to the hospital to see their new grandson.
bb. All the babies were cute, but THEIRS was the cutest.

YOUR TURN:

c. ___________________________________________________________

cc . ___________________________________________________________

D. WHAT used in sentences of surprise with an exclamation point.
This is NOT A QUESTION, so the subject and verb are in regular order. S V

“What mean fathers there are nowadays!”

Examples: What + (plural or non-count noun) and

a. What beautiful/awful weather we’re having!
b. What tender meat this is!
c. What delicious vegetables you cooked!

YOUR TURN: ___________________________________________________
What a + (singular noun)

a. What a delicious dinner you cooked!
b. What a terrific time we had at your party!
c. What a mess you made in the kitchen!

YOUR TURN: ___________________________________________________

E. TOO adjective + A singular noun + infinitive (This is a negative idea.)

Examples: a. This is too heavy a box for me to carry.
b. Lance is too short a person to play basketball.
c. My grandmother is too weak a woman to climb up the stairs.

YOUR TURN: ___________________________________________________

[ or You could say it this way: (TOO adjective + noun)
aa. This box is too heavy for me to carry.
bb. Lance is _______________________________
cc. My grandmother is ______________________________________ ]


COMPREHENSION AND CONVERSATION
Talk to your partner and then write your answers in complete sentences.

1. Why were the farmer and his son walking their donkey to market?



2. Who rode on the donkey first and why?



3. Who rode on the donkey next and why?



4. Why did the farmer and the son decide to get off the donkey?



5. What finally happened?



6. What does the moral of this story mean? Tell me in your own words what this means:
If you try to please everyone, you may end up pleasing no one at all.

©gati2009

Letter to Dad

An old Italian was living alone in Chicago. He wanted to plant his annual tomato garden, but it was a difficult job because the ground was very hard. His only son, Vincent, who would have helped him, was in prison. The old man wrote a letter to his son and described his predicament:
Nov. 3, 2009
Dear Vincent,
I am feeling pretty sad because it looks like I won't be able to plant my tomato garden this year. I'm just getting too old to be digging up a garden plot. I know if you were here, my troubles would be over. I know you would be happy to dig the plot for me, like in the old days.
Love,
Papa

A few days later, he received this letter from his son:

Nov. 6, 2009
Dear Papa,
Don't dig up that garden. That's where I buried the bodies.
Love,
Vinnie
At 4 a.m. the next morning, FBI agents
and
the local police arrived and dug up the entire area without finding any bodies. They apologized to the old man and left. That same day the old man received another letter from his son:

Nov. 8, 2009
Dear Papa,
Go ahead and plant the tomatoes now. That's the best I could do under the circumstances.
Your loving son,
Vinnie

VOCABULARY
1. How do you describe people from various countries?

a. from Italy (the) Italians He’s (an) Italian.
b. from China _______________________________________________
c. from France _______________________________________________
d. from India _______________________________________________
e. from Korea _______________________________________________
f. from Russia _______________________________________________
g. from Sweden _______________________________________________
h. from the United States ________________________________________
i. from Mexico _______________________________________________
j. from Burma (Myanmar) ______________________________________
k. from Afghanistan __________________________________________
l. from Iraq _______________________________________________
m. from Guatemala___________________________________________
n. from El Salvador ___________________________________________
o. from Brazil _______________________________________________
p. from Ruanda _______________________________________________
q. from South Africa __________________________________________
r. from Kenya _______________________________________________
s. from Nigeria _______________________________________________
t. from _____________________________________________________

2. Can you define these words by looking at the sentences from the story? Try to guess their meanings (DO NOT looking them up in your dictionary) and choose a, b, or c.
1. He wanted to plant his annual tomato garden.
annual
a. daily
b. weekly
c. yearly
2.. . . the ground was very hard.
ground
a. the dirt (earth)
b. his job
c. his occupation
3. The old man wrote a letter to his son and described his predicament.
predicament
a. job
b. difficult situation
c. future problem
5. I’m feeling pretty sad.
pretty
a. beautiful
b. very
c. cute
6. I’m getting too old to be digging up a garden plot.
plot
a. a piece of land
b. the story
c. flowers
7. Go ahead and plant the tomatoes now.
Go ahead
a. Get out of jail
b. Stop
c. You have my permission
8. That’s the best I could do under the circumstances.
Under the circumstance/s
a. under the table
b. because of the situation I am in.
c. for you

3. What’s the difference between His only son and He has one son ?




4. What’s the difference between “in jail” and “in prison”.






GRAMMAR
1. Find all the verbs in the story. (29)
Subjects Verbs Tense Infinitive
1. An Italian was living past continuous to live
2. He
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

2. TOO, meaning MORE THAN
too + adjective (+ infinitive)

a. I’m just getting too old to be digging up a garden plot.
b. He’s too tired to eat tonight.
c. My daughter bought a pair of shoes but they’re too tight on her feet.
d. Too much money makes some people greedy.
e. I have too many things to do tonight.
Pick any two adjectives and write two sentences using TOO.
f.

g.______________________________________________________________________

3. Superlatives with adjectives
Irregular single-syllable adj. ending in “y” 2-or-more-syllable adjectives
the thinnest the heaviest, the most expensive
the best,
the cleverest the most clever


Please write three of your own sentences with superlatives.

a.____________________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________________




4. LIKE
a. expression: It looks like (As I see it, in my opinion)
It looks like I won’t be able to plant my tomato garden this year.
It looks like a beautiful day today.
Your Turn:
_____________________________________________________________________

b. look like (comparing two people or two situations
You look like your mother.
She looks like (as if) she’s going to cry.
Your Turn:
_____________________________________________________________________

c. like (as) (the same as)
I know you would be happy to dig the plot for me, like in the old days.
Butter tastes [or doesn’t taste) like margarine.
She is like her mother (in actions, not in looks).
Your Turn:
_____________________________________________________________________

d. the verb like (enjoy)
I like rice.
I like to fish.
I like fishing.
Your Turn:
_____________________________________________________________________

5. A FEW
Please read the examples and then write your own sentences on the lines.
1. A few days later (said when you are telling about a past event)

We went to a party on Saturday night. A few days later, a guy, whom I met at the party, called me.

A. ___________________________________________________________________

2a. A few days from now (when you are telling about what event will happen)
2b. In a few days (when you are telling about what event will happen)

I just got my paycheck. In a few days from now, I’m going to deposit it in the bank.
In a few days, I’ll be starting a new job.

B. ___________________________________________________________________

[DIFFERENT meaning with “for”:
I will be in Las Vegas for a few days. (for 3 or 4 days)]

3. A few days ago (when you are telling about an event that already happened,
3 or 4 days in the past)
My husband went to Los Angeles a few days ago, and he won’t be home for a week.
He’ll be home in a week (from now).

C. ___________________________________________________________________

You can do the same with a year/month/week/hour/day/minute later,
In a year/month /week/hour/day/minute from now,
a year/month /week/hour/day/minute ago

Choose a time period + later, from now, ago and write three more sentences.

D. ___________________________________________________________________

E. ___________________________________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________________________________


6. THIS NEXT LAST


This morning/afternoon/evening//day/night/week/month/year
The next______ morning/afternoon/evening//day/night/week/month/year
Last night/week/month/year yesterday (NOT LAST DAY)


G. ___________________________________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________________________________


COMPREHENSION Answer the questions by writing in complete sentences. And CONVERSATION
1. What is the ethnic background of the father?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Where was the father living? __________________________________________________________________
3. Who was Vincent? __________________________________________________________________
4. Where was Vincent? _________________________________________________________________
5. Who is Vinnie? __________________________________________________________________
6. What does Vinnie mean when he writes about the “bodies”? __________________________________________________________________
7. Why did the FBI agents and the police dig up the entire area in the father’s garden? _________________________________________________________________

8. What is your opinion of Vincent (Vinnie)? Tell me why. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If I Could (El Condor Pasa)

I'd rather be a sparrow than a snail
Yes I would, if I could, I surely would.


I'd rather be a hammer than a nail.
Yes I would, if I only could, I surely would.

Away, I'd rather sail away
like a swan that's here and gone.

A man gets tied up to the ground.
He gives the world its saddest sound,
its saddest sound.

I'd rather be a forest than a street.
Yes I would, if I could, I surely would.
I'd rather feel the earth beneath my feet.
Yes I would, if I only could, I surely would.


VOCABULARY
A. Rhymes
Look at the song and tell me what words rhyme.

1. snail rhymes with _________________________
2. would rhymes with ________________________
3. swan rhymes with _________________________
4. ground rhymes with _______________________
5. street rhymes with _________________________

From your own head,
6. Tell me another word that rhymes with snail. ________________________


7. Tell me another word that rhymes with would. ________________________


8. Tell me another word that rhymes with swan. ________________________


9. Tell me another word that rhymes with ground. _____________________


10. Tell me another word that rhymes with street. ________________________

GRAMMAR
1. “saddest” is a superlative adjective

Single-syllable adjectives such as big and thin, are compared like this:
a. She has a big house.
b. Her brother has a bigger house than she has.
c. Her bother’s house is the biggest on his block.

d. Bob is a very thin man.
e. Bob is thinner than his father.
f. Bob’s father is the thinnest person in his family.

Choose a single-syllable adjective, and write three sentences like the above examples.

g. ______________________________________________________________________
h. _____________________________________________________________________
i. _____________________________________________________________________




2. WOULD RATHER + VERB THAN + VERB
Examples:
a. My mother said that she’d rather have someone wash dishes for her than do it herself. Why? . . . because she was very tired.
b. We’d rather watch movies on TV than see them in a theater because watching movies on TV is less expensive.

c. Tell me something you’d rather do than do something else.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

d. Tell me what you’d rather be than what you are

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

e. Tell me what you’d rather be doing than what you are doing.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

CONVERSATION (Talk to your partner. Then write your own answer.)
1. Why do you think the singer is saying that he’d rather be a sparrow than a snail?

I think the singer is saying that he’d rather be a sparrow than a snail because

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________



2. Why do you think the singer is saying that he’d rather be a hammer than a nail?

I think the singer is saying that he’d rather be a hammer than a nail because

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________






3. Why do you think the singer is saying he’d like to be like a swan and “sail away.”

I think the singer is saying that he’d like to be like a swan and sail away because

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________



4. Why do you think the singer is saying he’d rather be a forest than a street and feel the earth beneath his feet?

I think the singer is saying that he’d rather be a forest than a street and feel the earth beneath his feet because

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

A Wolf and A Dog

A half-starved wolf was jealous of a dog who appeared to be well-fed, fat, and strong. “Come to our house,” the dog said to him. “You’ll find everything to eat there.”
The wolf was very happy and started to go home with the dog. On the way, however, he noticed something on the dog’s neck. “What’s that?”
“Nothing much,” answered the dog. “It’s only the mark of my chain.”
“Your chain? Does that mean your master ties you up?” And with these words, the wolf ran away. He thought to himself that he’d rather be hungry than (be) without liberty.
A.COMPREHENSION
a. Why did the wolf prefer to remain hungry? Choose the correct answer.
1. He didn’t like meat.
2. The dog wouldn’t share his food with him.
3. He preferred to be free.
4. The house was too far.
5. The wolf was tied.
b. Answer these questions in complete sentences.
1. Who was jealous of the dog?_ __________________________________________
2. Why was the wolf jealous?_ ______________________________________________
3. Where did the dog invite the wolf to go?_____________________________________
4.What did the wolf notice?_________________________________________________
5.Why did the dog have the mark of a chain around his neck?
________________________________________________________________________
B VOCABULARY
a. Read the story again and find the synonyms for these words:
1. envious ______________________________
2. seemed ______________________________
3. pleased ______________________________
4. began ______________________________
5. observed ______________________________
6. hungry ______________________________
7. fat ______________________________
8. preferred ______________________________

b. Match the words from Column 1 with their antonyms in Column 2 (Draw a line.)
What part of speech are these words?
hungry everything (noun)
thin without ( __________________)
weak well-fed ( __________________)
nothing chained up ( __________________)
sad ran away ( __________________)
a lot fat ( __________________)
loose happy ( __________________)
with not much ( __________________)
came home strong ( __________________)
free tight ( __________________)

c. hyphenated adjectives use a hyphen between two or three adjectives describing a noun. For example: a. Sometimes I eat hard-boiled eggs for breakfast.
b. I have two five-dollar bills.
c. I work in a ten-story building.
d. They are very well-fed men.
In the story, please find the hyphenated adjectives.
e. ______________________
a. ______________________





C. GRAMMAR
A half-starved wolf was jealous of a dog who appeared to be well-fed, fat, and strong.
WHO clauses (a clause is a group of words with a subject + verb)
Examples: a. Sally is the one who teaches at the Chinatown Campus.
WHO refers to ONE, so teaches is singular.
b. Sally and Mary are the ONES who teach at eh Chinatown Campus.
WHO refers to ONES, so teach is plural.
c. He is the man who (own, owns) the restaurant.
WHO refers to ___________ , so ___________ is the verb.
d. Her children, who (go, goes) to elementary school, (studies, study) very hard.
WHO refers to _______________, so _______________ is the verb.
CHILDREN is the subject, so ________________ is the verb.
WHO is the subject of a clause BUT cannot stand alone (unless it is a question).
Please write your own sentence using WHO to introduce a clause. (DO NOT WRITE A QUESTION.)
e. _________________________________________________________________

DIRECT and REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT (QUOTED) SPEECH to INDIRECT (REPORTED)SPEECH
1. He said, (He told me/ her/ him/us/them),“I work hard.” He said that he worked hard.
2. He said, “I worked hard.” He said that he had worked hard. 3. He said, “I will work hard.” He said that he would work hard.
4. He said, “Work hard.” He told me to work hard.
5. He asked, “What’s your name?” He asked me what my name was.

Change the direct speech sentences to indirect speech.
1. “Come to our house,” the dog said to him.
____________________________________________________
2. “You’ll find everything to eat there.”
______________________________________________________________________

3. “What’s that?”
______________________________________________________________________
4.“Nothing much,” answered the dog.
______________________________________________________________________
5.“It’s only the mark of my chain.”
______________________________________________________________________
6.“Your chain?
______________________________________________________________________
7.Does that mean your master ties you up?”
______________________________________________________________________

WOULD RATHER + verb
Examples: a. He’d rather be hungry than (be) without liberty.
b. I would rather eat bread than (eat) rice.
c. My mother would rather live in L.A. than move to San Francisco.
Please write two sentences using this grammar form.
1._____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________


CONVERSATION
First talk to your partner. Then write your own answers.
1. Why do you think the wolf preferred to be free rather than get food at the dog’s house?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What does “liberty” mean to you?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

If I Had a Hammer

(by Pete Seeger and Lee Hayes)





1. If I had a hammer,
I’d hammer in the morning
I’d hammer in the evening
All over this land

I’d hammer out danger,
I’d hammer out warning,
I’d hammer out love
Between my brothers and my sisters
All over this land







2. If I had a bell,
I’d ring it in the morning,
I’d ring it in the evening
All over this land

I’d ring out danger,
I’d ring out warning,
I’d ring out love
Between my brothers and my sisters
All over this land



3. If I had a song,
I’d sing it in the morning,
I’d sing it in the evening,
All over this land.

I’d sing out danger,
I’d sing out warning,
I’d sing out love
Between my brothers and my sisters
All over this land.



4. Well, I’ve got a hammer,
And I’ve got a bell,
And I’ve got a song to sing
All over this land






It’s the hammer of justice;
It’s the bell of freedom;
It’s the song about love
Between my brothers and my sisters
All over this land.

It’s the hammer of justice;
It’s the bell of freedom;
It’s the song about love
Between my brothers and my sisters
All over this land.


VOCABLARY
1. What is a synonym (in the song) that means exposure to harm, injury, risk, or peril ______________
2. In this song, who are “my brothers and my sisters”? ______________
3. In this song, what does “land” mean in “all over this land”?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What is the “hammer of justice”?_______________________________
5. What is the “bell of freedom?__________________________________

GRAMMAR
6. “If I had” = if + past tense means IT IS NOT TRUE (contrary to fact)
for example, If I had a new house = I don’t have a new house
If I had a million dollars = I don’t have a million dollars

Tell me something that you wish you had . . .
a. If I had ___________________________

7. Following this clause, you should use WOULD or COULD + BASE form of the verb.
For example, If I had a a lot of money, I would/could buy a new car.
Tell me something you wish you had, and what would or could you do?
a. If I had_______________________________________________________

8. Use an “if” clause with a past tense verb and continue the sentence with a WOULD or COULD clause.
For example, If I went to China in the summer, I would be able to see the Olympics.
If I ate cake for breakfast every day, I would get very fat.

You write your own sentence.
a. ________________________________________________________

9. When you use “be” with “if”, use “were” (for every person – I, you, he, she, we, they, Sally my mother).
For example: If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf.
If my brother were here, I would ask him to help me.

You write your own sentence.
a. ________________________________________________________

Being Number One

When Peter got a mad mark in school, his mother scolded him. “Last year I was proud of you,” she said. “You were the best pupil in the class.”
The little boy was ashamed, but then he thought a moment. He looked at his mother with a smile and said, “But Mother, other mothers also want to be proud of their children, and that would be impossible if I were
always first.”


A. What excuse did Peter give for not being first? (Which is the correct answer?)
1. He wanted other mothers to be proud of their children.
2. He didn’t like his teacher.
3. He didn’t go to school every day.
4. He liked his friends.
B. Find antonyms for these words and their parts of speech.
1. last year ______________
2. good _____________
3. praised _____________
4. ashamed _____________
5. the worst _____________
6. a long time _____________
7. possible _____________
8, never _____________
9. teacher _____________
10. the grown man _____________

C. Rewrite these sentences. Change the verbs to the negative.
1. He got a good mark.

2. I was proud of you.
_______________________________________________________________
3. He thought a long time.

4. He looked at his mother.
____________________________________________________________________
5. I am always first.

6. Write your own sentences:
a. (a statement)
_________________________________________________________________

b. (Make the same statement negative.)


D. Tag questions follow statements. Always use the same tense.
Examples: a. Your daughter lives with you, doesn’t she?
b. Your daughter doesn’t live with you, does she?
c. You lived in China before you came here, didn’t you?
d. You were late yesterday, weren’t you

1. He got a good mark, __________________________?

2. He writes emails to his friends every day, ____________________?

3. Her friend was very nervous at her wedding, _________________?

4. Your husband thought about the problem for a long time _________________?

5. Many people are in economic trouble, __________________?
6. Your wife won’t be cooking tonight ____________________?
7. She isn’t feeling well, _____________________?
Write two sentences and add tag questions to them:
8.

9.________________________________________________________





E. Answer the questions in Section D.
Examples: a. No, she doesn’t. or Yes, she does.
b. Yes, she does. or No, she doesn’t.
c. Yes, I did. or No, I didn’t.
d. Yes, I was. or No, I wasn’t.

1.______________________________

2. ______________________________

3. ______________________________

4. ______________________________

5. ______________________________

6. ______________________________

7. ______________________________

8. ______________________________

9. ______________________________

F. GRAMMAR
CONDITIONAL – contrary to fact in the present/future
IF clause + simple past result clause WOULD/COULD + base form of verb
Examples: If I had enough money, I would/could buy a new car.
If I were* rich, I would take a trip to Australia.
If he went to Las Vegas, he would have a great time.

• In contrary-to-fact sentences with IF, use WERE for all subjects not “was”
If the weather were nicer, we’d go to the beach.

“If I were always first, it would be impossible for other mothers to be proud of their children.”

1. If I (have) __________ more time, I _____________________________________.
2. If I (know) __________ how to swim, I ___________________________________.
3. If it (be) ______________Saturday, I _____________________________________.
4. If money (grow) on trees, we all (be) _____________________________________.
5. My husband is very tired. If he (be not) ______________________so tired, he (go)
_______________________ to the movies with you.
6. My friend (drive) _____________________ if she (pass) ______________________ her driver’s test.
7. She (go) ____________________ to Singapore if airplane tickets (be) __________________ less expensive.
8. What would you do if you were a photographer?
If I

9. What would you do if you had a new car?
If I

10. What could you buy if you had a million dollars?
If I
_______________________________________________________________________
F. CONVERSATION
Please talk to your partner and then write your opinions.
If you were not successful in something that you really wanted to succeed in, how would you feel about yourself? Also, how do you think other people would judge you?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Here’s an expression you can think about:

If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.